Chronic Venous Insufficiency - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK587341/
WebApr 27, 2023 · Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) stems from persistent ambulatory venous hypertension. Frequent causes of venous hypertension include insufficient muscular pumping, malfunctioning venous valves (reflux), and venous obstruction, which leads to a cascade of morphological, physiological, and histologic abnormalities.
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